A ureteric stone (also called a ureteral stone) is a type of urinary stone that gets stuck in the ureter — the narrow tube connecting the kidney to the bladder. This condition can cause severe pain, urinary problems, and even kidney damage if not treated promptly. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is important for timely medical care and prevention.
What Is a Ureteric Stone?
A ureteric stone forms when minerals and salts in the urine crystallize and pass from the kidney into the ureter. Because the ureter is narrow, even a small stone can cause obstruction and intense pain, known as renal colic.
Causes of Ureteric Stones
The formation of stones in the ureter is linked to multiple factors, including:
- Dehydration – Low water intake concentrates urine, increasing the risk of stone formation.
- Excessive mineral buildup – High levels of calcium, oxalate, or uric acid in urine can lead to stone formation.
- Dietary habits – Diets high in salt, animal protein, and oxalate-rich foods may increase risk.
- Family history and genetics – A strong genetic link is observed in patients with recurrent stones.
- Medical conditions – Such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), gout, obesity, or metabolic disorders.
- Medications – Some drugs, like diuretics or calcium-based antacids, can contribute to stone formation.
Symptoms of Ureteric Stone
Symptoms vary depending on stone size, location, and whether it causes obstruction. Common signs include:
- Severe flank pain (radiating from the side to the groin)
- Painful urination (dysuria)
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Blood in urine (hematuria)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Difficulty passing urine or reduced urine output
⚠️ If a stone causes complete blockage, it can lead to kidney swelling (hydronephrosis) and serious infection, requiring emergency treatment.
Diagnosis of Ureteric Stone
Doctors use several diagnostic tools to confirm the presence of ureteric stones:
- Ultrasound of kidneys and urinary tract
- CT scan (non-contrast) – the most accurate imaging test
- X-ray KUB (Kidney, Ureter, Bladder) – useful for certain types of stones
- Urine analysis – to check for blood, infection, or crystal presence
- Blood tests – to measure kidney function and mineral levels
Treatment of Ureteric Stones
Treatment depends on stone size, location, symptoms, and complications. Options include:
1. Conservative Management
- For small stones (<5mm), doctors may recommend increased fluid intake, pain relievers, and medications to relax the ureter (e.g., tamsulosin).
- Many small stones pass naturally within a few weeks.
2. Medical Treatment
- Pain management with NSAIDs or stronger painkillers.
- Antibiotics if there is a urinary infection.
3. Surgical and Minimally Invasive Procedures
- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): Uses sound waves to break the stone into smaller fragments.
- Ureteroscopy (URS): A thin scope is inserted through the urethra and bladder to remove or break the stone.
- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): For larger stones, a small incision is made to directly remove the stone.
Complications of Ureteric Stone
If not treated, ureteric stones may lead to:
- Severe kidney damage
- Recurrent urinary tract infections
- Hydronephrosis (swelling of kidney)
- Sepsis (life-threatening infection)
Prevention of Ureteric Stones
- Drink at least 2–3 liters of water daily.
- Reduce salt and animal protein intake.
- Limit foods high in oxalates (e.g., spinach, nuts, tea).
- Maintain a healthy body weight.
- Follow up with regular urine and imaging tests if you have a history of stones.
Conclusion
Ureteric stones are a painful but treatable condition. With early diagnosis, proper treatment, and lifestyle changes, most patients can recover fully and prevent recurrence. If you experience sudden flank pain, blood in urine, or difficulty urinating, seek medical attention immediately.
