Urinary bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting the urinary system. It begins in the bladder, a hollow organ located in the lower abdomen that stores urine before it leaves the body. Early detection and treatment are vital in improving survival and quality of life. In this article, we will explore the causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of bladder cancer.
What is Urinary Bladder Cancer?
Bladder cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the bladder lining grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. The most common type is transitional cell carcinoma (urothelial carcinoma), which starts in the cells lining the inside of the bladder.
Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact cause of bladder cancer is not always clear, certain factors increase the risk:
- Smoking – the leading cause of bladder cancer, as harmful chemicals pass into urine and damage bladder cells.
- Age and gender – more common in men over 55 years.
- Chronic bladder inflammation – due to repeated infections or long-term catheter use.
- Exposure to chemicals – dyes, paints, and industrial chemicals increase risk.
- Family history – genetic factors can play a role.
- Previous cancer treatments – such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy drugs.
Common Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer often shows warning signs early, which makes early diagnosis possible. Symptoms include:
- Blood in urine (hematuria) – the most common symptom.
- Frequent urination.
- Pain or burning sensation during urination.
- Urgent need to urinate even with an empty bladder.
- Pelvic or back pain (in advanced cases).
- Weight loss, fatigue, and loss of appetite.
Diagnosis of Urinary Bladder Cancer
Doctors use several tests to confirm bladder cancer:
- Urine tests – to detect blood or cancerous cells.
- Cystoscopy – a thin tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder.
- Biopsy – removal of tissue samples for examination.
- Imaging tests (CT, MRI, Ultrasound) – to check the spread of cancer.
Treatment Options for Bladder Cancer
Treatment depends on the stage and grade of the cancer:
- Surgery – removal of cancerous tissue (Transurethral resection of bladder tumor – TURBT, or cystectomy in advanced cases).
- Intravesical therapy – medicines placed directly into the bladder (such as BCG therapy).
- Chemotherapy – destroys cancer cells using powerful drugs.
- Radiation therapy – used alone or with chemotherapy.
- Immunotherapy & targeted therapy – newer treatments that boost the body’s defense system.
Prevention and Lifestyle Measures
While not all bladder cancers are preventable, the risk can be reduced by:
- Quitting smoking.
- Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
- Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals.
- Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
- Regular health checkups for people at higher risk.
Conclusion
Urinary bladder cancer is a serious condition, but with early detection and appropriate treatment, survival rates are much higher. Awareness about symptoms like blood in urine and frequent urination is crucial. Preventive steps such as quitting smoking, living a healthy lifestyle, and regular screenings can protect bladder health.
