Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. It spreads mainly through contaminated food, water, and poor sanitation. Typhoid remains a major health issue in many developing countries, leading to high rates of illness and complications if not treated properly. Early detection and effective management are crucial in preventing severe outcomes.
What is Typhoid Fever?
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness that primarily affects the intestinal tract and bloodstream. The bacteria enter the body through ingestion and multiply in the intestines before spreading to the bloodstream, causing systemic infection.
Causes and Transmission of Typhoid Fever
- Contaminated water and food: The primary source of infection is consuming food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
- Poor sanitation and hygiene: Inadequate waste disposal and lack of clean water supply increase the risk.
- Carrier state: Some individuals recover from typhoid but continue to carry and spread the bacteria without showing symptoms.
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever
Symptoms usually develop 1–3 weeks after exposure and may include:
- Prolonged high fever (often up to 104°F / 40°C)
- Abdominal pain and discomfort
- Weakness and fatigue
- Headache and muscle aches
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Loss of appetite and weight loss
- Skin rash with flat, rose-colored spots (in some cases)
If left untreated, typhoid fever can cause severe complications such as intestinal perforation, internal bleeding, or organ damage.
Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever
Doctors may use the following tests:
- Blood culture – most accurate method in the early stage.
- Widal test – detects antibodies against Salmonella typhi.
- Stool or urine tests – used in later stages to confirm infection.
Management and Treatment of Typhoid Fever
1. Antibiotic Therapy
- Ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, or ceftriaxone are commonly prescribed antibiotics depending on resistance patterns.
- Completing the full antibiotic course is essential to prevent relapse and drug resistance.
2. Supportive Care
- Adequate hydration with oral rehydration solutions or IV fluids in severe cases.
- Nutritious diet including easily digestible foods to maintain strength.
- Fever management with antipyretics like paracetamol.
3. Hospitalization
In severe cases with complications such as intestinal bleeding or perforation, hospitalization and surgical intervention may be required.
Prevention of Typhoid Fever
- Drink safe and clean water (boiled or filtered).
- Wash hands properly before meals and after using the toilet.
- Avoid raw or undercooked food, especially street food in unhygienic areas.
- Vaccination against typhoid is available and recommended in high-risk regions.
- Ensure proper sanitation and waste disposal to reduce transmission.
Final Thoughts
Typhoid fever is preventable and treatable, but neglecting symptoms can lead to life-threatening complications. Practicing good hygiene, consuming safe food and water, and getting vaccinated are the best strategies to prevent typhoid. If symptoms of prolonged fever and abdominal discomfort appear, medical attention should be sought immediately for timely diagnosis and treatment.
