Neonatal jaundice is a common condition seen in newborn babies, usually appearing within the first few days after birth. It is characterized by a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. In most cases, neonatal jaundice is harmless and resolves on its own, but timely diagnosis and monitoring are essential to prevent complications.
What Is Neonatal Jaundice?
Neonatal jaundice occurs when a newborn’s liver is not yet mature enough to process bilirubin effectively. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. When bilirubin accumulates in the blood, it leads to jaundice.
Types of Neonatal Jaundice
1. Physiological Jaundice
- Most common type
- Appears after 24 hours of birth
- Usually resolves within 1–2 weeks without treatment
2. Pathological Jaundice
- Appears within the first 24 hours
- Bilirubin levels rise rapidly
- Requires immediate medical attention
3. Breastfeeding Jaundice
- Occurs due to inadequate milk intake
- Leads to dehydration and reduced bilirubin excretion
4. Breast Milk Jaundice
- Appears after the first week
- Caused by substances in breast milk affecting bilirubin metabolism
5. Hemolytic Jaundice
- Caused by blood group incompatibility (Rh or ABO)
- Leads to excessive breakdown of red blood cells
Causes of Neonatal Jaundice
Common causes include:
- Immature liver function
- Premature birth
- Blood group incompatibility
- Birth trauma or bruising
- Infections
- Enzyme deficiencies (e.g., G6PD deficiency)
Symptoms of Neonatal Jaundice
- Yellowing of skin (starting from face and spreading downward)
- Yellow discoloration of the eyes
- Poor feeding
- Lethargy or excessive sleepiness
- High-pitched cry (in severe cases)
Diagnosis of Neonatal Jaundice
Doctors diagnose neonatal jaundice using:
- Total serum bilirubin test
- Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement
- Blood group and Coombs test (if hemolysis suspected)
Regular monitoring is important, especially in premature babies.
Treatment Options
1. Phototherapy
The most common and effective treatment. Blue light helps break down bilirubin so it can be excreted.
2. Exchange Transfusion
Used in severe cases when bilirubin levels are dangerously high.
3. Adequate Feeding
Frequent breastfeeding helps eliminate bilirubin through stool and urine.
4. Treatment of Underlying Causes
Such as managing infections or blood group incompatibility.
Complications of Untreated Jaundice
If left untreated, severe neonatal jaundice can lead to:
- Kernicterus (brain damage)
- Hearing loss
- Developmental delays
- Seizures
Early treatment prevents these serious outcomes.
Prevention of Neonatal Jaundice
- Early and frequent breastfeeding
- Monitoring bilirubin levels in high-risk babies
- Timely follow-up after hospital discharge
- Blood group screening during pregnancy
When to Seek Medical Help
Parents should seek immediate medical attention if:
- Jaundice appears within 24 hours of birth
- Yellow color spreads to hands and feet
- Baby is not feeding well or is very sleepy
- Jaundice persists beyond two weeks
Conclusion
Neonatal jaundice is a common and usually temporary condition in newborns. While most cases resolve naturally, proper monitoring and timely treatment are crucial to prevent complications. Parents should remain vigilant and consult healthcare professionals if they notice any warning signs.
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