Knee pain is one of the most common orthopedic problems affecting millions of people worldwide. When conservative treatments like medications, physiotherapy, or injections fail to provide relief, knee replacement surgery — also known as knee arthroplasty — becomes a life-changing solution. This surgical procedure replaces the damaged parts of the knee joint with artificial components, relieving pain and restoring mobility.
What Is Knee Replacement Surgery?
Knee replacement surgery is a medical procedure performed to replace a damaged or worn-out knee joint with an artificial implant, known as a prosthesis. The surgery aims to relieve pain, correct deformity, and help patients regain functional movement.
The prosthetic components are usually made of metal alloys, high-grade plastics, or ceramics, designed to mimic the natural movement of a healthy knee joint.
Who Needs a Knee Replacement?
Knee replacement is typically recommended for people who suffer from:
- Severe osteoarthritis (most common cause)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Post-traumatic arthritis (after injury or fracture)
- Knee deformity or joint instability
- Chronic pain and stiffness that limits daily activities
Doctors often suggest knee replacement when:
- Pain persists despite medication and physiotherapy
- There is significant knee deformity (bowed legs or knock knees)
- Walking, climbing stairs, or even resting causes pain
Types of Knee Replacement
There are two major types of knee replacement surgeries, depending on the extent of damage:
1. Total Knee Replacement (TKR)
This is the most common type. Both sides of the knee joint (femur and tibia) are replaced with artificial components. Sometimes, the underside of the kneecap (patella) is also resurfaced.
2. Partial (Unicompartmental) Knee Replacement
In cases where only one part of the knee is damaged, surgeons replace only the affected section. This preserves more natural bone and tissue, leading to faster recovery.
How Is the Surgery Performed?
Knee replacement surgery usually takes 1 to 2 hours and involves the following steps:
- Anesthesia: Spinal, epidural, or general anesthesia is given.
- Incision: A cut is made over the knee to access the joint.
- Bone Preparation: Damaged cartilage and bone surfaces are removed.
- Implant Placement: Artificial metal and plastic components are positioned to restore alignment and function.
- Closure: The incision is closed with sutures or staples, and a sterile dressing is applied.
Minimally invasive or robotic-assisted techniques are now available to improve accuracy and reduce recovery time.
Benefits of Knee Replacement
The surgery provides long-term relief and improves the quality of life for many patients. Common benefits include:
✅ Pain relief from arthritis or injury
✅ Improved mobility and stability
✅ Correction of deformities
✅ Better quality of life and independence
✅ Durability: Modern implants can last 15–20 years or longer
Possible Risks and Complications
Like any surgical procedure, knee replacement has some risks, although they are uncommon when performed by experienced surgeons:
- Infection at the surgical site
- Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis)
- Implant loosening or wear over time
- Nerve or blood vessel injury
- Stiffness or limited knee movement
Preventive measures such as antibiotics, blood thinners, and physiotherapy significantly reduce these risks.
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Recovery after knee replacement is gradual but highly rewarding with proper care.
Hospital Stay
- Usually lasts 2–4 days after surgery.
- Patients begin gentle exercises and walking with assistance within 24 hours.
Physiotherapy
Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in regaining strength and flexibility. Exercises focus on:
- Improving range of motion
- Strengthening thigh and calf muscles
- Walking without support
Home Care
- Keep the surgical site clean and dry.
- Use supportive devices (walker, cane) as advised.
- Maintain a balanced diet rich in protein, calcium, and vitamins.
Most patients can resume light daily activities within 4–6 weeks and complete recovery within 3–6 months.
Long-Term Outlook
Knee replacement offers excellent long-term outcomes. Studies show that over 90% of patients experience significant pain relief and improved mobility. Modern prosthetic designs ensure durability and natural movement, allowing patients to return to active lifestyles.
Preventive Tips Before and After Surgery
- Maintain a healthy body weight.
- Engage in low-impact exercises such as swimming or cycling.
- Avoid high-impact activities (running, jumping) post-surgery.
- Regular follow-ups with the orthopedic surgeon are essential.
Conclusion
Knee replacement surgery is a safe, effective, and transformative procedure for people suffering from chronic knee pain or arthritis. With advancements in surgical techniques and implant design, patients can enjoy long-lasting results and a significantly improved quality of life. Early consultation with an orthopedic specialist and commitment to rehabilitation are key to successful recovery.
