The term “fits” is commonly used to describe seizures — sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movement, feelings, or levels of consciousness. Fits can occur in people of any age, from infants to the elderly, and may result from various medical conditions. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and management of fits is essential for early diagnosis and proper treatment.
What Are Fits?
A fit or seizure occurs when there is abnormal, excessive electrical activity in the brain. This disturbance temporarily affects how brain cells communicate, leading to physical convulsions, altered awareness, or unusual sensations.
While a single seizure may not always indicate a chronic condition, recurrent seizures are often a sign of epilepsy.
Causes of Fits
Fits can result from numerous factors affecting brain function. Common causes include:
- Epilepsy – The most frequent cause of recurrent fits due to abnormal brain activity.
- High fever (Febrile Convulsions) – Common in children aged 6 months to 5 years.
- Head injury – Trauma can trigger seizures immediately or even years later.
- Stroke – Reduced blood flow to the brain can cause sudden fits, especially in older adults.
- Brain infections – Conditions like meningitis or encephalitis may cause seizures.
- Metabolic disturbances – Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), low sodium, or calcium imbalances.
- Drug or alcohol withdrawal – Sudden cessation after long-term use can lead to seizures.
- Brain tumors or lesions – Structural abnormalities in the brain.
- Genetic factors – Family history may increase susceptibility.
Types of Fits
Fits are generally categorized into two main types depending on the part of the brain involved.
1. Focal (Partial) Fits
- Occur in one area of the brain.
- Symptoms may include twitching, tingling, strange smells, or temporary confusion.
- The person may remain conscious (simple focal) or lose awareness (complex focal).
2. Generalized Fits
- Affect both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously.
- Common types include:
- Tonic-clonic (grand mal): Stiffening followed by jerking of the body.
- Absence (petit mal): Brief staring or loss of awareness, often in children.
- Myoclonic: Sudden muscle jerks.
- Atonic: Sudden loss of muscle tone causing collapse.
Symptoms of Fits
The symptoms depend on the type and severity of the fit but may include:
- Sudden loss of consciousness
- Uncontrolled jerking movements
- Stiffening of muscles
- Temporary confusion or staring spells
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Tongue biting
- Drowsiness or confusion after the episode (postictal state)
In some people, a warning sign or aura (strange smell, visual change, or feeling of fear) may precede the fit.
Diagnosis of Fits
To determine the underlying cause, doctors perform several tests and evaluations:
- Medical history: Detailed account of seizure events and triggers.
- Neurological examination: Checks for brain or nerve abnormalities.
- EEG (Electroencephalogram): Records brain’s electrical activity.
- Brain Imaging (CT or MRI): Detects structural or vascular issues.
- Blood tests: Identify infections, metabolic imbalances, or toxic causes.
In certain cases, video EEG monitoring may be done for prolonged observation.
First Aid for Fits
Knowing how to respond during a fit can prevent injury and save lives:
✅ Stay calm and protect the person.
✅ Lay them on a flat surface and remove nearby sharp objects.
✅ Turn the person on their side to keep the airway clear.
✅ Do not put anything in their mouth.
✅ Do not restrain movements.
✅ Note the duration of the seizure.
✅ Seek medical help if the fit lasts more than 5 minutes, repeats without recovery, or causes injury.
Treatment and Management
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and frequency of fits.
1. Medications
- Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs): Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Valproate, Levetiracetam, Lamotrigine, etc.
- Doses are tailored individually and monitored for side effects.
- Regular medication adherence is crucial for seizure control.
2. Surgery
For patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, surgery may remove the seizure focus in the brain.
3. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
A device implanted in the chest sends electrical impulses to reduce seizure frequency.
4. Lifestyle Modifications
- Get adequate sleep and reduce stress.
- Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.
- Maintain a healthy diet and hydration.
- Identify and avoid known seizure triggers.
When to Consult a Doctor
Seek immediate medical attention if:
- The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes
- The person does not regain consciousness
- There is injury or breathing difficulty
- The person experiences first-ever fit
- Seizures occur during pregnancy or with fever and rash
Complications
Untreated or uncontrolled fits can lead to:
- Injuries due to falls or bites
- Status epilepticus (continuous seizures, a medical emergency)
- Memory or concentration problems
- Psychosocial impact and anxiety
Proper diagnosis and treatment greatly reduce these risks.
Living with Fits
Most people with controlled seizures lead healthy, active lives. Regular medication, follow-ups, and a supportive environment help prevent recurrence and improve quality of life. Educating families, schools, and workplaces about seizure first aid also enhances safety and understanding.
Conclusion
“Fits” or seizures are not a disease but a symptom of abnormal brain activity. With accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and lifestyle adjustments, most individuals can manage their condition successfully. Awareness, early medical care, and community support play a vital role in reducing stigma and ensuring better outcomes.
