Acute abdomen refers to sudden, severe abdominal pain that requires urgent medical attention. It is not a disease itself but a medical emergency caused by many possible underlying conditions such as appendicitis, gallstones, kidney stones, or intestinal obstruction. Early diagnosis is crucial because delaying treatment may lead to serious complications.
This blog explains what acute abdomen is, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and emergency management, in a simple and SEO-friendly way.
What Is Acute Abdomen?
Acute abdomen describes a condition where a person develops severe abdominal pain lasting less than 24 hours, often with other symptoms like vomiting, fever, or inability to pass stool.
It may indicate:
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Obstruction
- Bleeding
- Organ rupture
Immediate medical evaluation is essential to identify the cause and begin treatment.
Common Causes of Acute Abdomen
Below are the most frequent and serious causes:
1. Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, common in children and adults.
Symptoms:
- Pain starting near the navel, shifting to the right lower abdomen
- Fever
- Vomiting
- Loss of appetite
2. Gallbladder Problems
Such as acute cholecystitis or gallstones.
Symptoms:
- Right upper abdominal pain
- Pain after fatty meals
- Nausea
- Vomiting
3. Kidney Stones
Crystals blocking the urinary tract.
Symptoms:
- Severe flank or lower abdominal pain
- Blood in urine
- Pain radiating to groin
- Restlessness
4. Intestinal Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in the intestines.
Symptoms:
- Abdominal distension
- Vomiting
- Constipation
- Cramping pain
5. Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
Symptoms:
- Severe upper abdominal pain radiating to back
- Nausea and vomiting
- Pain worsens after meals
6. Perforation of Stomach or Intestine
A life-threatening emergency.
Symptoms:
- Sudden severe abdominal pain
- Rigid, board-like abdomen
- Shock
7. Gynecological Emergencies (in females)
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Ovarian torsion
- Ruptured ovarian cyst
These conditions need urgent medical attention.
8. Infections
Such as:
- Gastroenteritis
- Hepatitis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
Symptoms of Acute Abdomen
Symptoms vary according to the cause but often include:
- Sudden severe abdominal pain
- Pain worsening with movement
- Fever or chills
- Nausea and vomiting
- Inability to pass stool or gas
- Bloating
- Rapid heartbeat
- Pain radiating to the back or shoulders
If the pain is intense, sudden, or persistent, emergency evaluation is needed.
Diagnosis: How Doctors Identify Acute Abdomen
A doctor may perform the following:
1. Physical Examination
- Checking tenderness
- Guarding
- Rebound pain
- Abdominal swelling
2. Blood Tests
To check:
- Infection
- Organ function
- Inflammation markers
3. Ultrasound
Important for:
- Gallbladder disease
- Kidney stones
- Gynecological problems
4. CT Scan
Most accurate for:
- Appendicitis
- Pancreatitis
- Obstruction
- Perforation
5. Urine Tests
To diagnose:
- Kidney stones
- Urinary infections
6. Pregnancy Test (Females)
To rule out ectopic pregnancy.
Emergency Treatment for Acute Abdomen
Treatment depends on the cause. Options include:
1. Pain Management
Pain relief injections or medications.
2. IV Fluids
To prevent dehydration.
3. Antibiotics
For infections such as appendicitis or cholecystitis.
4. Surgery
Required for:
- Appendicitis
- Perforated ulcers
- Intestinal obstruction
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Ruptured organs
Early surgery saves lives.
5. Observation
Sometimes doctors observe symptoms before deciding on surgery.
When to Go to the Hospital Immediately
Seek emergency medical help if you experience:
- Sudden severe abdominal pain
- Pain that does not improve
- High fever
- Persistent vomiting
- Blood in vomit or stool
- Difficulty passing urine or stool
- Fainting or dizziness
These can indicate a serious underlying condition.
Prevention Tips
Some causes cannot be prevented, but you can reduce risk by:
✔ Eating a healthy diet
✔ Staying hydrated
✔ Managing diabetes or hypertension
✔ Avoiding excessive alcohol
✔ Getting early treatment for gallstones or ulcers
✔ Practicing safe sex to avoid pelvic infections
Conclusion
Acute abdomen is a medical emergency that requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. Early recognition of symptoms and quick action can prevent complications and save lives. If you or someone around you experiences sudden severe abdominal pain, seek emergency care without delay.
